Showing posts with label computers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label computers. Show all posts

December 10 - Happy Birthday, Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace

 Posted on December 10, 2021


This is an update of my post published on December 10, 2010:




The daughter of a very famous English poet, Lord Byron, Ada was much more influenced by her mother, Anne Isabelle Milbanke. This is because her father separated from her mother when Ada was just one month old and then went abroad when she was just four months old. She never saw him again, and he died when she was nine years old.

(“Went abroad” means that he went to another country. This term is used when someone goes by boat or plane over an ocean or sea—and since England is located on the British Isles, just about every foreign country is reached by going overseas! Americans might say they went abroad when they flew to Europe but would use a different term when they drove over the border to Mexico.)


Augusta Ada Byron was born on this day way back in 1815, and she got married to the first Earl of Lovelace in 1834—and she has been called the first computer programmer.



Even though there were no computers back when she lived!






How can this be, you ask? 




Well, with the encouragement of her mother, Ada Lovelace studied mathematics. Interested in Charles Babbage's work, Lovelace translated his papers and wrote about his Difference Engine (pictured above) and Analytical Engine (pictured below, left).


Over one hundred years after her death, Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished. The engine became recognized as an early model for a computer, and in Lovelace's notes a description of software, including an algorithm to compute Bernoulli numbers. Since this is considered the first algorithm specifically tailored for use on a computer, Lady Lovelace is considered by many to be the first computer programmer!

The programming language Ada is named after her.


Here are some computer programming resources for kids:

...Logo, the first language I know of that was created for kids. 

...Scratch, a place to create and share creative computer projects. 

...Alice, educational software that teaches computer programming.
 




November 2 - From Boole...to Google?

Posted on November 2, 2021


This is an update of my post published on November 2, 2010:


Happy Birthday, George Boole!

Born in England on this day in 1815, Boole grew up to become a mathematician. He came up with a kind of algebra we now call Boolean Algebra. The three most common operations of this kind of algebra are still used today in computer science, logic systems, and even in Google searches:

AND
OR and
NOT.

Boole did not create the first computer. However, in hindsight he has been called the founder of computer science. Here's why:

In the 1930s an American named Claude Shannon and a Russian named Victor Shestakov both (separately) realized that Boolean Algebra could be used with electrical switches. Each switch has only two states: On and Off, or True and False, 1 and 0. The AND, OR, and NOT functions can be made into logic gates that serve as the foundation for the digital revolution.



If you search for puppy AND kitten, you will only get pages that include both words.
If you search for puppy OR kitten, you will get pages that either one or both words.
If you search for puppy NOT kitten, you will get pages that include the
word "puppy," but do not include the word "kitten."

So AND and NOT limit and focus your search.
OR widens your search.





Let's see how Boolean logic works. Say there are a lot of foods on a table: a ham sandwich, a green apple, a brownie, a banana, an orange, an Oreo cookie, a yellow cookie decorated with yellow frosting, and a white container full of plain yogurt. Which foods would you get with the following “searches”?

  1. fruit AND yellow
  2. fruit OR yellow
  3. NOT fruit
  4. NOT yellow
  5. fruit NOT yellow
  6. yellow NOT fruit
ANSWERS: 
1. banana 
2. apple, banana, orange, yellow cookie 
3. sandwich, brownie, both cookies, yogurt 
4. sandwich, apple, brownie, orange, Oreo, yogurt 
5. apple and orange 
6. yellow cookie

Learn more

  • Here is a quickie guide to how Boolean terms can focus or widen a search using a search engine. 
  • I tried using the Boolean terms with Google and immediately realized that NOT does not work. Instead, I found out, you type a minus sign immediately before the term you want to exclude. Also, to be recognized as the OR operator, you have to type capital letters OR
  • Here is an explanation of how to Boolify your web search - and a search engine meant for kids.