Showing posts with label Roman Empire. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Roman Empire. Show all posts

December 21 - Anniversary of a Solstice Eclipse

 Posted on December 21, 2021


This is an update of my post published on December 21, 2010:




A fairly rare event—the total eclipse of the moon—and a once-a-year event—winter solstice—happened on the same day on this date in 2010.

On that day, I wrote: "Here in Southern California, we seem to be living at the bottom of a very big shower stall right now, because it's been raining HARD for days. (I know many people have to deal with this much rain on a regular basis, but we're used to drought and earthquakes, not flooding and inundation!) ...The point is, we couldn't see the eclipse because of the total cloud cover."

A total lunar eclipse is when the Earth gets between the Moon and the Sun, and the Moon falls totally within Earth's shadow. The Moon, which is full or nearly full, usually shines (reflecting the Sun's light) a bright white color, but during an eclipse, the moon seems to become gray, then orange, then deep red.



Here are some photos of a more recent lunar eclipse,
all put together into one photo so we can see the
changing color of the Moon.


The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year—and, of course, the longest night. Most cultures nowadays count the winter solstice as the day that winter begins.


NOTE: Most of the world's population lives in the northern hemisphere. However, millions of people live in the southern hemisphere, and today is their SUMMER solstice—the shortest night and the longest day of the year!


How do (and have) people celebrate(d) the winter solstice?

Germanic countries (including the Scandinavian countries), long before Christianity in Europe, held a winter festival called Yule or Yule-tide during the solstice. Customs such as burning a Yule log, decorating the house with evergreen branches and wreaths, lighting candles, eating a Yule feast, and Yule-tide singing (or Wassailing)—all of these solstice customs are now commonly associated with Christmas. Characters that haven't made it into widespread use in Christmas traditions include the Yule goat, pictured here:

 
Yule Lads, from Iceland's Yule celebrations, haven't caught on in the U.S. - except maybe they have, in the form of elves and gnomes?




A Druidic tradition (think of the people who built England's Stonehenge) calls the winter solstice “Alban Arthuan,” which means Light of Arthur, or “Alban Arthan,” which means Light of Winter. A poetic interpretation of the Light of Arthur is that the legendary figure of King Arthur (of “Knights of the Round Table” fame) still sleeps in a mountain, ready to return to his people if he is needed. The Druidic holiday colors are red, green, and white—again, colors that today are often associated with Christmas.



Ancient Rome celebrated Saturnalia for a week around the solstice. There were some nice aspects of the holiday—wars were interrupted by temporary truces, for example, and slaves were served by their masters—and there were some familiar customs such as exchanging gifts and lighting candles. However, apparently the holiday eventually started to become less fun, with too much wild behavior and even crime.


Other places in the world celebrate the solstice with bonfires, ritual baths and purification rites, feasting, and even special dances.

Special places for celebrating the solstice...

  • Newgrange is a beautiful megalithic site in Ireland, with a huge circular stone structure estimated to be around 5,000 years old (older, even, than the Egyptian pyramids at Giza!). It was built so that a shaft of sunlight would illuminate a particular special spot on the dawn of winter solstice.



(By the way, a megalith is a huge stone used to build a structure or monument.)

  • The Sun Dagger of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, was built about a thousand years ago. A modern-day artist noticed that, during the summer solstice, a slender beam of sunlight passing between two rock monoliths exactly bisected a spiral-shaped symbol. She came back to the spot on the winter solstice and, sure enough, a ray of sunlight bisected another, smaller spiral. Unfortunately, so many people have gone to see the sight of these daggers of sunlight, the trail eroded, the monoliths shifted, and the Sun Daggers no longer bisect the spirals!




  • The Great Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa may have helped medieval astronomers track celestial bodies; modern-day scholars note that the brightest stars in Orion line up with several monoliths during the winter solstice.






June 28 – King Alboin Meets His End

                                                                                         Posted on June 28, 2017

For about 1,000 years, Western Europe was (mostly) ruled by the Roman Empire, and lives were relatively peaceful and orderly. The Pax Romana (Roman peace) existed because Roman soldiers enforced law and order between the various peoples in the empire.

But then the Roman Empire fell. In 476 C.E., the last of the Roman emperors was overthrown by a Germanic man named Odoacer. He became the first “Barbarian” to rule in Rome - but apparently he ruled only parts of Italy, not the far-flung reaches of what had once been part of the Roman Empire.

Almost a century later, Alboin, King of the Lombards (a Germanic tribe), gathered together a large group of soldiers representing a varied group of peoples. Alboin led the soldiers across the Julian Alps (the mountain range in the northern part of Italy that is named for Roman emperor Julius Caesar) and found Italy almost undefended. Alboin swiftly took over several cities, including northern Italy’s largest city, Milan, before he began to run into vigorous defense.


When I read about the long-ago past, I am always reminded that back then humans inflicted on one another WAY more violence, even, than we do now. Live by the sword, die by the sword, people say, and Alboin definitely used force (“the sword”) to get and keep more power and land and even his wife. So of course he met his end by violence. On this date in 572 he was assassinated by his foster brother, who was working with his wife in an attempt to grab power for themselves. Although the two managed the regicide (which means killing of a king), they failed in their attempted coup, and they had to flee the country. 

The Lombards remained rulers of the northern part of Italy, although they had to choose a new king. They remained rulers of large parts of Italy for two centuries, and today Lombardy is the name of one of the administrative regions of Italy.




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February 27 – Happy Birthday, Constantines

Posted on February 27, 2016

On this date in 272, Constantine was born. He became a Roman emperor and “the Great” was added to his name at some point...

About a millennium and a half later, on this date in 1711, Constantine Mavrocordatos was born. He later became a prince and ruler within the Ottoman Empire.

 Constantine the Great rose through the Roman military based on his own abilities, but his army-officer father became a “deputy emperor” – a sort of vice-emperor, or junior emperor, which confusingly was known as a “Caesar,” second in command to the senior emperor, known as an “Augustus.” At the time there were at four men with the power of leading the enormous Roman Empire: an Augustus and a Caesar in the West and an Augustus and a Caesar in the East.

Later, his father was raised up to being the Augustus of the West, and when his father died, Constantine was acclaimed as emperor (Augustus) by his army.

The transfer of power was not super peaceful. There was a series of civil wars and the various Caesars and Augusti fought among each other. Constantine led his army to victory after victory, and by the year 324, he became the one emperor of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.


Here are some things Constantine is famous for:

  • He built a new imperial fortress at Byzantium, in what is now Turkey, and then renamed the city after himself: Constantinople. (This city is now named Istanbul.) Constantinople became the capital of the Roman Empire for more than a thousand years (although we now call this empire the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire).

  • Even though Constantine rose to power largely
    "through the sword" - some see his power
    as coming "from the cross."
    He was the first Roman emperor to claim to be converted to Christianity, and he legalized the religion throughout the empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea, which is an important part of the history of Christianity—and some Christians still honor Constantine as a saint.

  • Constantine separated civil and military authority. That is a split that most modern democracies and republics use. For example, the elected president and governors and mayors rule civil life, and police and civil judges enforce civil laws – but admirals and four- and five-star generals rule the military, and there are separate military police and military courts for enforcing military laws.

  • Constantine not only ruled a unified Roman Empire, he also enlarged it. He attacked some of the tribes on the frontiers of the empire, including lands that had been considered a part of the Roman Empire but had been abandoned by earlier emperors – and he won pretty much every campaign. Constantine had reorganized his army into mobile field units and garrison soldiers; this reorganization probably accounts for some of Constantine's success.

  • Paragon of virtue and military hero? Or monstrous tyrant who ruled harshly? Different groups have portrayed Constantine differently. Modern historians generally take a middle ground.


Constantine Mavrocordatos was a Greek noble who was born in Constantinople and who ruled as Prince of Wallachia and as Prince of Moldavia. He didn't rule for one long period of time – I guess things were not so peaceful in the Ottoman Empire, in the 1700s. Instead, his reign over Wallachia went something like this:

  • 1730 (just part of the year)
  • 1731 – 1733
  • 1735 – 1741
  • 1744 – 1748
  • 1756 – 1758
  • 1761 – 1763

And his rule over Moldavia was during some of his “off” times:

  • 1733 – 1735
  • 1741 – 1743
  • 1748 – 1749
  • 1769

If you're like me, you have no idea where Wallachia was; it was located in what is now Romania.

If you're like me, you will wonder if Moldavia is the same thing as modern Moldova; actually, the western half of historical Moldavia is a part of Romania, the eastern side is the Republic of Moldova, and some northern and southeastern chunks are now parts of Ukraine.


What Constantine the Great and Constantine Mavrocordatos have in common, besides for their name and birthday, is the city of Constantinople. So here is a photo essay of Byzantium / Constantinople / Istanbul:

Istanbul is a modern city, but you can
still see some of the ancient walls and gates
in places.

Many of the Christian churches were converted
into Muslim mosques, although many Christian
churches and some Jewish synagogues can be
found in the city.
 

Modern markets combine old and new. 
And a REALLY modern hotel is largely
under the sea!





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