Every Day Is Special: mushrooms

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July 28 - Potter, Potatoes and Peru!

Posted on July 28, 2021

This is an update of my post published on July 28, 2010:

This is a great day for the letter “P”!

On this day in 1586, it is said, Thomas Harriot introduced potatoes to England and Ireland.

On this day in 1824, Peru declared its independence from Spain, courtesy in part to the efforts of General Jose de San Martin.

And on this day in 1866, artist, author and naturalist Beatrix Potter was born in England.

First, potatoes.

Thomas Harriot sailed on an expedition of discovery on behalf of his employer, Sir Walter Raleigh. Some say that on his return in July, 1586, Harriot showed off some potatoes and potato plants from the New World. The first potato plants in England were apparently promptly planted in Raleigh's garden.

(Notice that I am stressing the fact that some say that Harriot introduced potatoes to the British Isles. There are others who say Sir Francis Drake already did the honors, in 1580.)

Whether or not the Harriot story represents Brits' first taste of the tubers, it is certain that potatoes, so important in Irish and Russian cooking, in Belgian/French fried foods, and in many other cuisines around the world, was entirely unknown in the Old World until at least the mid-1500s. As a matter of fact, potatoes probably originated in the country we are honoring today: Peru.

Wow, check all the varieties of Peruvian potatoes
in the photo above and the three photos below!

Apparently Peru boasts about 3,500 different
kinds of potatoes. Again: I say WOW!!!

Celebrate by cooking and eating potatoes!

Second, Peru.

As I already mentioned in an earlier post, Peru used to be one of the lands of the Inca Indians, who were conquered by Spaniards in the mid-1500s. It was those same Spaniards who grabbed good stuff, like gold and potatoes, to take home to Europe (remember that Harriot, who also grabbed potatoes and potato plants, was English).

The Spanish eventually made Peru into a colony―a colony that, with its Incan gold, paid for much of the Spanish empire all over the world. In the early 1800s, other Spanish colonies in South America began to rebel, but the leaders of Peru weren't sure whether to break away or remain loyal to the Spanish monarchy. It took the military campaigns of Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar to liberate Peru from Spanish rule.

Peruvians take two days to celebrate their independence! Tomorrow will be another “Patriotic Festival” (Fiesta Patria). You can share the celebration by making a red-and-white Peruvian flag and cooking up some Peruvian foods, including these desserts.

Third, Potter.

Born in England on this day in 1866, Beatrix Potter grew up to be one of the most important children's authors of the early nineteenth century.

Potter lived at a time when women were not encouraged to learn or practice science, but she still attempted to follow her interest in fungi and lichens. (She was one of the first people to correctly suggest that lichens were fungi and algae working together.) Her uncle tried to introduce her as a student to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, but she was rejected because of her sex. One of her papers was presented to the Linnean Society by her uncle, because as a woman she wasn't allowed to attend society meetings. The Royal Society refused to publish her scientific papers.

Rejection, rejection, rejection—nevertheless, Potter's beautiful drawings and paintings of lichens and fungi, plus some insightful papers, did result in grudging respect. After she died, at least one of the scientific societies issued an apology for the way she was treated.

Potter found a more popular reception with her anthropomorphic animal books such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit.

(Anthropomorphic means making animals behave like humans, usually including having them wear clothes and talking.) The drawing and painting ability that contributed to Potter's scientific work made her woodland animal illustrations immensely popular to this day.

Enjoy Potter's work.
Read one of Beatrix Potter's many stories. If you don't have them in book form, here is one story offered free online, and here are several other stories!

Here are some pictures of Peter Rabbit for you to color.

Here are some Potter-inspired recipes: currant buns and butter-poached radishes.

The Renee Zellweger/Ewan McGregor movie “Miss Potter” (Rated PG) is popular with some families. I have to admit, I don't think I've ever seen it. (Warning: apparently it's sad.)

Here are some Peter Rabbit crafts and ideas that look pretty darned fun!

Beatrix Potter illustrated her books with water color paintings. Why don't you try your hand at painting animals with water colors? Here is some inspiration.

Also on this date:

National Milk Chocolate Day

Anniversary of Watkin Glen's Summer Jam

Buffalo Soldiers Day

Olavsoka Eve

Birthday of women's suffrage activist Lucy Burns

Birthday of artist Judith Leyster

Anniversary of the Fall of Fascism in San Marino

National Water Park Day

Anniversary of the discovery of "Kennewick Man"

Plan ahead:

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And here are my Pinterest boards for:

August 15 – Happy Birthday, Elias Fries

Posted on August 15, 2014

Today's birthday—born in 1794—became a mycologist.

Swedish scientist Elias Fries learned all about flowering plants from his father, and after going to university, he became a professor of botany, which is the study of plants.

But his knowledge of plants isn't what Fries is known for.

Fries became known for his classification system for mushrooms and other fungi. He studied spore color and the structures of fungal fruiting bodies, which could be smooth, folded, or covered with tubes or “teeth.”

Back when Fries was arranging his mushroom taxonomies, they were classified as a kind of plant. After all, mushrooms often grow out of soil, generally stay put in one place, and have rigid cell walls.

But now mushrooms and other fungi have their own kingdom, alongside the animal and plant kingdoms (and other kingdoms).

A mycologist is a scientist who specializes in fungi.

What makes mushrooms fungi instead of plants?

Plants have the ability to make food. Generally, plants use water and minerals absorbed from the soil, through their roots, and carbon dioxide absorbed from the air, through tiny pores in their leaves, and the energy of sunlight – and from these inorganic materials plus energy, they make sugars and starches!

This process is called photosynthesis (photo means “light,” and synthesis means “to make”).

Mushrooms, yeast, and molds are all incapable of making their own food. Instead, they break down organic matter; many fungi are an important part of the decomposition of dead organisms.

Lichen-encrusted rocks

(By the way, Fries also studied and classified various lichens, which are fungi that have algae cells that can make food out of sunlight. In other words, lichens are pretty much part-fungi, part-plant.)

Learn about mushrooms and how they reproduce.