Showing posts with label philosopher. Show all posts
Showing posts with label philosopher. Show all posts

May 18 - Happy Birthday, Bertrand Russell

      Posted on May 18, 2022

This is an update of my post published on May 18, 2011:



This guy was really, really smart!

Bertrand Russell, who was born in Wales (Great Britain) on this date in 1872, became a philosopher, mathematician, logician, and historian, and he used logic and reason to discuss social problems, war, religion, and nuclear disarmament. 

He was a clear thinker and a clear writer, two of my favorite qualities in an intellectual.

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950.





 
Being open...

One thing I like about Bertrand Russell is that he was capable of changing his mind. Although many times his first opinion on a topic remained intact all his life (for example, his support of women's rights and suffrage), in other cases he supported ideas or causes that he later modified or even reversed. For example, his first response to the Russian Revolution was hope that Communism would be a wonderful system for equality and liberty. However, he took the time to check out the results, rather than just speculate from afar; he went to the Soviet Union and met with Vladimir Lenin in 1920. He was unimpressed with what he saw, and he wrote critically of Lenin's Communism. Later, he was even more strongly critical of Stalin's regime.


In other words, he sought evidence about something he had supported, and when the evidence warranted a change in opinion, he quickly and publicly changed.

Russell didn't change his mind whimsically; he didn't just follow fads. He warned people who made extraordinary claims, especially those who made claims that couldn't be disproved, that the onus was on them to offer positive evidence for their idea.

After all, Russell pointed out, nobody could prove that a teapot wasn't in outer space, somewhere, flying in a faraway orbit around the sun—but despite the fact that people can't disprove the idea, it's certainly reasonable for them to NOT believe such a claim!


It's almost impossible to DISprove some ideas -
like the idea that there is an ordinary teapot
circling the Sun. But we should be very careful
about ideas that aren't falsifiable - and we should
require positive evidence to support them! 

In other words, Russell kept an open mind, but he didn't leave his mind so far open that his brains fell out!


Open-mindedness is a virtue.
Skepticism is ALSO a virtue.
The thing to do is to use your 
skepticism to prompt you to seek
evidence from good sources,
and to confirm the evidence 
from multiple sources -
and then be open-minded enough
to adopt a new idea that has a ton
of supporting evidence!







September 10 – Happy Birthday, Charles Sanders Peirce

Posted on September 10, 2018

So, today's famous birthday pointed out that certain kinds of logic could be carried out by something as simple as an electrical switching circuit. 


And eventually people did just that as they created digital computers.

He began the formal branch of semiotics, which is the study of meaning-making. And he founded pragmatism, which is the philosophy of considering practical effects of ideas in a changing universe.


Born on this date in 1839, in Massachusetts in the U.S., Charles Sanders Peirce has a LOT of fields listed in his Wikipedia bio: logic, mathematics, statistics, philosophy, metrology (the study of measurement), chemistry, experimental psychology, economics, linguistics (the study of languages), and the history of science.

W.O.W.!

Peirce's dad was a professor at Harvard University - a math and astronomy professor - and Peirce graduated with honors from Harvard himself. However, he had a painful physical disorder that probably were the causes of his outbursts of temper and his difficulties with others, and because of these problems, Peirce had a lot of difficulty maintaining jobs and earning enough money for a happy and comfortable life.

So, despite the fact he is considered a really important and original thinker, many of Peirce's writings remain unpublished even now.



Let's celebrate Peirce with some logic fun! Here is a simple lesson on logic - and you can see why logic and mathematics are linked. Here are some printable logic puzzles, and here are a few videos about logical fallacies and critical thinking. 


My Answer to Viral Math Puzzle:
I got 2 + 3 + 3 + 11 = 19.  The 2 is from the clock, which shows the time to be 2:00. The 3 and 3 are from the two bunches of bananas, with three bananas in each bunch. The 11 was from the six-sided hexagon with the five-sided pentagon inside.

Are there any other valid answers? (I think I could justify an answer of 22.) Remember, another "correct" answer must be able to fit with all of the parts of the puzzle.



September 4 – Happy Birthday, Ivan Illich

Posted on September 4, 2018


Today's famous birthday was a man of the world!

Writer / thinker Ivan Illich was born on this date in 1926 in Vienna, Austria. His father was from Croatia, and his mother's mother was from Texas, in the U.S. He went to university in Italy, lived for a while in New York City, worked in Puerto Rico, traveled by bus and foot all through South America, started an organization in Mexico, and (once he was established as a philosopher and writer) split his time between Mexico, Germany, and the U.S. He died in Germany.


Illich spoke Italian, Spanish, French, and German fluently, but he also learned Croatian, Ancient Greek and Latin, English, Portuguese, Hindi, and bits of other languages as well!

Even though Illich was a Roman Catholic priest, he got into some trouble for criticizing the Vatican and the Pope (the center and head of Roman Catholicism)!

Illich also criticized contemporary / modern practices in medicine, work and business, energy production and use, and education. It was his criticism of education that brought him the most fame; his biggest contribution is his 1971 book Deschooling Society. 

Illich thought that education should not be institutionalized, and he pointed out examples of schooling not working well, or at times at all, to produce happy, creative, knowledgeable adults. He thought that modern school systems were so ineffectual, they should be entirely dismantled. He outlined some ideas of how self-directed learning could work within flexible, informal arrangements.


One idea Illich explored, back in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was matching learners and teachers through computer-based learning webs. At that time, of course, computers were not what they are today - they were huge and slow and limited in the way they could take in and display information. Ivan Illich seemed to be ahead of his time with this sort of computer-web idea, almost two decades before the World Wide Web - aka the Internet - was created.


Since Illich died in 2002, he did get to see a glimpse of the internet-driven "now" - but wouldn't he love to see how many people are using YouTube for self-directed learning, these days, and how many people are linking up over shared interests through social media and interactive game play?




Also on this date: