Showing posts with label lunar eclipse. Show all posts
Showing posts with label lunar eclipse. Show all posts

December 21 - Anniversary of a Solstice Eclipse

 Posted on December 21, 2021


This is an update of my post published on December 21, 2010:




A fairly rare event—the total eclipse of the moon—and a once-a-year event—winter solstice—happened on the same day on this date in 2010.

On that day, I wrote: "Here in Southern California, we seem to be living at the bottom of a very big shower stall right now, because it's been raining HARD for days. (I know many people have to deal with this much rain on a regular basis, but we're used to drought and earthquakes, not flooding and inundation!) ...The point is, we couldn't see the eclipse because of the total cloud cover."

A total lunar eclipse is when the Earth gets between the Moon and the Sun, and the Moon falls totally within Earth's shadow. The Moon, which is full or nearly full, usually shines (reflecting the Sun's light) a bright white color, but during an eclipse, the moon seems to become gray, then orange, then deep red.



Here are some photos of a more recent lunar eclipse,
all put together into one photo so we can see the
changing color of the Moon.


The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year—and, of course, the longest night. Most cultures nowadays count the winter solstice as the day that winter begins.


NOTE: Most of the world's population lives in the northern hemisphere. However, millions of people live in the southern hemisphere, and today is their SUMMER solstice—the shortest night and the longest day of the year!


How do (and have) people celebrate(d) the winter solstice?

Germanic countries (including the Scandinavian countries), long before Christianity in Europe, held a winter festival called Yule or Yule-tide during the solstice. Customs such as burning a Yule log, decorating the house with evergreen branches and wreaths, lighting candles, eating a Yule feast, and Yule-tide singing (or Wassailing)—all of these solstice customs are now commonly associated with Christmas. Characters that haven't made it into widespread use in Christmas traditions include the Yule goat, pictured here:

 
Yule Lads, from Iceland's Yule celebrations, haven't caught on in the U.S. - except maybe they have, in the form of elves and gnomes?




A Druidic tradition (think of the people who built England's Stonehenge) calls the winter solstice “Alban Arthuan,” which means Light of Arthur, or “Alban Arthan,” which means Light of Winter. A poetic interpretation of the Light of Arthur is that the legendary figure of King Arthur (of “Knights of the Round Table” fame) still sleeps in a mountain, ready to return to his people if he is needed. The Druidic holiday colors are red, green, and white—again, colors that today are often associated with Christmas.



Ancient Rome celebrated Saturnalia for a week around the solstice. There were some nice aspects of the holiday—wars were interrupted by temporary truces, for example, and slaves were served by their masters—and there were some familiar customs such as exchanging gifts and lighting candles. However, apparently the holiday eventually started to become less fun, with too much wild behavior and even crime.


Other places in the world celebrate the solstice with bonfires, ritual baths and purification rites, feasting, and even special dances.

Special places for celebrating the solstice...

  • Newgrange is a beautiful megalithic site in Ireland, with a huge circular stone structure estimated to be around 5,000 years old (older, even, than the Egyptian pyramids at Giza!). It was built so that a shaft of sunlight would illuminate a particular special spot on the dawn of winter solstice.



(By the way, a megalith is a huge stone used to build a structure or monument.)

  • The Sun Dagger of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, was built about a thousand years ago. A modern-day artist noticed that, during the summer solstice, a slender beam of sunlight passing between two rock monoliths exactly bisected a spiral-shaped symbol. She came back to the spot on the winter solstice and, sure enough, a ray of sunlight bisected another, smaller spiral. Unfortunately, so many people have gone to see the sight of these daggers of sunlight, the trail eroded, the monoliths shifted, and the Sun Daggers no longer bisect the spirals!




  • The Great Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa may have helped medieval astronomers track celestial bodies; modern-day scholars note that the brightest stars in Orion line up with several monoliths during the winter solstice.






February 29 - Knowledge Is Power!

Posted on February 29, 2020


There are so many horrible things done by Christopher Columbus and the other European explorers and conquerors and missionaries - horrible things done TO the native peoples of the Americas....

This little anecdote is an example of Europeans using every technological or other advantage they had to get what they wanted, whatever the cost to the Native Americans / indios.

The scene: On Columbus's fourth (and final) voyage to the Americas, only two of his original four caravel ships were still afloat. They landed in Jamaica in June of 1503. 

And, actually, those two ships were barely afloat: they were infested with shipworms! The Spaniards needed to hole up in Jamaica and wait for a rescue ship to pick them up.


The native Jamaicans were welcoming to Columbus and his crew. They provided them with food and other supplies in exchange for some trinkets the Spaniards had brought. BUT...

...How did the Spaniards repay their welcoming attitude? Did they commit terrible crimes (like murder)? Did they cheat the Jamaicans? Did they steal from the native islanders? 

Actually, Columbus's crew did all of the above. Given the Spaniards' terrible behavior, the native Jamaicans didn't feel so very welcoming anymore. In January of 1504 they stopped trading with the Spaniards.

Columbus was in trouble. He and his crew couldn't leave, because the ships were not seaworthy. They couldn't stay, because they had no source of food. 

But Columbus had an almanac with some astronomical tables. The German astronomer Regiomontanus had predicted that there would be a total lunar eclipse on February 29, 1504.


Columbus called a meeting with the chiefs of the Jamaican peoples a few days before the eclipse. He told them that his god was angry with them because they wouldn't give him the supplies he needed. Because of this anger, he said, his god was going to take away the moon in three days time!

Three days later. 

Nighttime. 

Aaaannnnd - the lunar eclipse began! Soon it looked as if the black night had taken a "bite" out of the bright moon. As you can imagine, the native Jamaicans were astonished and scared. They ran to get some food, brought it to the ship...and they begged Columbus to intercede with his god. 

At this point, the eclipse was total. Actually, the moon wasn't totally gone, but it wasn't bright, but was instead a dark, angry-looking red color. And there was no moonlight reaching the Earth. 

Columbus told the Jamaicans that he would pray on their behalf, within the peace inside his captains quarters. From the information in the almanac, he knew that the total eclipse of the moon would last about 48 minutes, so inside the cabin he flipped over an hour glass. Then he waited until he knew that the moon would soon begin to reappear; he came back to the chiefs and told them that the gods had relented and would bring back the moon.

And, sure enough, the bright, shiny moon did reappear. (Of course!)


This display of supposed godly power over the moon convinced the Jamaicans to continue to supply the Spaniards until a ship finally arrived in June to take Columbus and the crew back to Spain.

This trickery is pretty bad, but of course the terrible treatment of the native Jamaicans was even worse. This anecdote  shows the power of knowledge, and of written language, and of mathematics and science. After all, Columbus's trick wouldn't have been possible without that prediction being written down in an almanac. (Columbus didn't know how to predict a lunar eclipse!) And the trick would have backfired if Regiomontanus's math had been a little off, or if Columbus had tried it with a group of Native Americans who could predict eclipses on their own (like the Mayans). 


Also on this date:



(Last Saturday of February)


Plan ahead:


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December 21, 2010



Happy Solstice and Eclipse Day!

A fairly rare event—the total eclipse of the moon—and a once-a-year event—winter solstice—are happening on the same day!


The total eclipse of the moon happened VERY early this morning (or even last night, for West-Coast types like me). Did you see it?

Here in Southern California, we seem to be living at the bottom of a very big shower stall right now, because it's been raining HARD for days. (I know many people have to deal with this much rain on a regular basis, but we're used to drought and earthquakes, not flooding and inundation!) ...The point is, we couldn't see the eclipse because of the total cloud cover.

A total lunar eclipse is when the Earth gets between the Moon and the Sun, and the Moon falls totally within Earth's shadow. The Moon, which is full or nearly full, usually shines (reflecting the Sun's light) a bright white color, but during an eclipse, the moon seems to become gray, then orange, then deep red.


The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year—and, of course, the longest night. Most cultures nowadays count the winter solstice as the day that winter begins.

NOTE: Most of the world's population lives in the northern hemisphere. However, millions of people live in the southern hemisphere, and today is their SUMMER solstice—the shortest night and the longest day of the year!


How do (and have) people celebrate(d) the winter solstice?

Germanic countries (including the Scandinavian countries), long before Christianity in Europe, held a winter festival called Yule or Yule-tide during the solstice. Customs such as burning a Yule log, decorating the house with evergreen branches and wreaths, lighting candles, eating a Yule feast, and Yule-tide singing (or Wassailing)—all of these solstice customs are now commonly associated with Christmas. Characters that haven't made it into  widespread use in Christmas traditions include the Yule goat, pictured here. 

A Druidic tradition (think of the people who built England's Stonehenge) calls the winter solstice “Alban Arthuan,” which means Light of Arthur, or “Alban Arthan,” which means Light of Winter. A poetic interpretation of the Light of Arthur is that the legendary figure of King Arthur (of “Knights of the Round Table” fame) still sleeps in a mountain, ready to return to his people if he is needed. The Druidic holiday colors are red, green, and white—again, colors that today are often associated with Christmas.

Ancient Rome celebrated Saturnalia for a week around the solstice. There were some nice aspects of the holiday—wars were interrupted by temporary truces, for example, and slaves were served by their masters—and there were some familiar customs such as exchanging gifts and lighting candles. However, apparently the holiday eventually started to become less fun, with too much wild behavior and even crime.

Other places in the world celebrate the solstice with bonfires, ritual baths and purification rites, feasting, and even special dances.

Special places for celebrating the solstice...
  • Newgrange is a beautiful megalithic site in Ireland, with a huge circular stone structure estimated to be around 5,000 years old (older, even, than the Egyptian pyramids at Giza!). It was built so that a shaft of sunlight would illuminate a particular special spot on the dawn of winter solstice.
(By the way, a megalith is a huge stone used to build a structure or monument.)

  • The Sun Dagger of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, was built about a thousand years ago. A modern-day artist noticed that, during the summer solstice, a slender beam of sunlight passing between two rock monoliths exactly bisected a spiral-shaped symbol. She came back to the spot on the winter solstice and, sure enough, a ray of sunlight bisected another, smaller spiral. Unfortunately, so many people have gone to see the sight of these daggers of sunlight, the trail eroded, the monoliths shifted, and the Sun Daggers no longer bisect the spirals!

  • The Great Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa may have helped medieval astronomers track celestial bodies; modern-day scholars note that the brightest stars in Orion line up with several monoliths during the winter solstice.