July 18 – The Great Fire of Rome

Posted on July 18, 2015


It's always sad when disaster strikes, and fires have destroyed too many cities too many times over the course of human history. On this date in the year 64, one of the oldest fires we know about broke out:

The Great Fire of Rome.

It started in an area called Circus Maximus, an area chock-full shops. Unfortunately, the fire spread quickly to other areas, and it burned for days! It ended up utterly destroying 3 of the 14 districts of Rome, and 7 more were badly damaged. What a tragedy!

It's interesting to note that, although even ancient historians were unsure about how the fire started, the emperor Nero got a bum rap then that has lingered to this day.


How many times I have heard someone allude to (or even seen drawings of) Nero playing the fiddle while Rome burned! Even though I knew that the word “fiddle” wasn't quite right here – the Roman emperor played a stringed instrument called a cithara, which is like a harp or lyre, not a fiddle – plus fiddles weren't even invented until the 1500s! – I DID assume that the story was based on Nero being either incompetent or uncaring about the disaster.

In actual fact, the ancient historian Tacitus (who was nine years old at the time of the fire) wrote that Nero was away from Rome, in his palace in Antium (now called Anzio, which is located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) when the fire broke out. When he got news of the blaze, Tacitus went on to say, Nero hurried back to Rome to organize the fight against the flames and the search for and rescue of victims. The emperor himself spent days searching the debris. He even paid for the relief of victims from his own funds, he opened his palaces to the homeless, and he arranged for food supplies to be delivered.

I'm not sure what more people could have wanted their emperor to do!

Still, the rumors of Nero actually causing the fire and then singing in costume while the city burned started right away. It's pretty obvious that at least some people in Rome despised their emperor; in their eyes, he was pretty much always to blame, for everything.

(Actually, I know people who are like that these days, too – always going for a simple answer, a single person or force that they can blame EVERYTHING on.)

From what I read about Nero, he sounds like he was a good leader in some ways but a tyrant in other ways. Some modern historians have questioned the reliability of the ancient sources that have painted Nero as a monster, but it's certain that he was hated by some. A few years after the fire, Nero was forced off the throne. He was declared a public enemy destined to be executed, but he chose to commit suicide instead.



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July 17 – Scopes Festival

Posted on July 17, 2015



Today a festival begins in Dayton, Tennessee.

Today there will be music, crafts, and vendors selling yummies for tummies on the courthouse lawn. Tomorrow there will be a scavenger hunt, a classic car show, a quilt show, a fine arts show, and crafts demonstrations. Tomorrow night there will be a musical concert. Sunday will be many fun, food, music, and crafts.

But the thing that separates this festival from most other local festivals is its focus on a very famous trial:

There is a lecture and discussion on on “Evolution in the Scopes Era” during the weekend. And then there is a play, held in a courtroom, called “Front Page News.” And this play is a historically accurate rendition of the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial, when famed lawyers Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan did legal battle about the teaching of evolution in biology classrooms.


The trial was way back in 1925, and yet it still pertains to political, philosophical, and legal battles today!

The festival organizers point out that many people don't know the truth about the Scopes Trial. Even though the court transcripts are readily available, many people depend on the misreporting done by some journalists at the time of the trial, or they assume that the play/film Inherit the Wind is true, but instead it is a fictionalized version of the Scopes Trial that is not historically accurate and was never intended to be.

I find it interesting to note that the play is put on in the very courthouse in which the trial occurred!


To read more about the Scopes trial, check out this earlier post. 

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July 16 – Fiesta Virgen del Carmen in Peru

Posted on July 16, 2015

Today is the main day of the Fiesta Virgen del Carmen in Paucartambo, Peru.



The festival lasts four days, and there is a lot of dancing in traditional Inca and colonial costumes. Some of the dances tell about historical events in Peru's history, and some show off daring deeds and acrobatic tricks.


Today, in addition to dances, there is a huge procession, and people carry “the Virgin Carmen” around the town so that she can bless the people watching and scare away “demons.” The demons are played by dancers who appear on rooftops and balconies.

A lot of visitors also like to watch the sunrise at a place called Tres Cruces, in order to see an unusual optical illusion. People climb to a lookout that is 12,100 feet above sea level. They are able to look down over the green canopy of the Amazon Forest, which is often covered by clouds. And as the sun comes up, the moisture in the air acts as a prism. There suddenly seem to be three suns on the horizon – one stable sun in the middle, and another sun image that seems to dance from one side to the other of the stable sun. Because this "dancing" is quick, it can look as if there are three suns. Furthermore, the sunlight often stars out into cross-shaped rays. So...three crosses, Tres Cruces!

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July 15 – Happy Birthday, Thomas Bulfinch

Posted on July 15, 2015

Myths and legends and folklore are often seen as a subject for study – they might appear in textbooks, tests, and college coursework – but Thomas Bulfinch collect these sorts of stories, “not as a study, but as a relaxation from study.”



Born in Massachusetts on this date in 1796, back when the United States was a young nation, Bulfinch wanted to create books that would help men and women to understand allusions made to myths by public speakers, poets, and other writers.

What is an allusion?

An allusion is either an indirect reference or a passing reference to something or someone, in an attempt to call to the hearer's (or reader's) mind complex ideas, images, or emotions.

A common sort of allusion is to say something like, “Tom's a total Einstein.” In this case, the speaker is referencing a well know real person, Albert Einstein. In alluding to Einstein in his description of Tom, the speaker tells us that Tom is really, really smart. We probably also get the idea that Tom is a genius, and the sort of genius who is brilliant at math and science, probably, rather than music or art.

Literary allusions often refer to the Bible or Shakespeare. A line in one of my favorite poems, “Nothing Gold Can Stay” by Robert Frost, alludes to a Bible story:


Nature’s first green is gold,
Her hardest hue to hold. 
Her early leaf’s a flower; 
But only so an hour. 
Then leaf subsides to leaf. 
So Eden sank to grief, 
So dawn goes down to day. 
Nothing gold can stay.


The use of the place name “Eden” suggests that Frost is talking about perfection, purity, and idealism changing into something more practical and slightly soiled by mistakes and flaws.

Some allusions – both in everyday speech and in literature – refer to myths other than Bible stories. The Greek myths are perhaps the most famous. Here are a couple of examples:

[Everyday speech]: Opening the door to the frat house was like...well, you know, Pandora's box!

[Literature, from the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare:]

Mercutio: Take Cupid's wings and fly higher than the average man.

Romeo: His arrow has pierced me too deeply, so I can't fly high with his cheerful feathers.



Thomas Bullfinch wanted to make sure that men and women understood allusions to the Midas Touch, to Arcady, to the Knights of the Round Table, and so forth, so he made collections of stories in the mid-1800s:

Greek and Roman and Norse myths

Legends of King Arthur

Legends of Charlemagne

Since Bulfinch's collections of myths were especially designed to inform “genteel Americans” about everything they needed to know to quickly understand literary allusions, he made sure that the versions he used were correct. However, he removed what he considered unnecessary sex and violence.

  • To read the King Arthur legends, click through to “Sacred Texts.” 
Still in print, after all these years!






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July 14 – Shark Awareness Day

Posted on July 14, 2015


There seems to be some disagreement about when Shark Awareness Day is – is it July 14? July 15? July 17? – but I figure, with shark attacks being in the news right now, let's start as soon as possible and keep on talking about sharks all week!

So – are sharks a huge danger to humans? Or is it more fair to say that the reverse is true?

Believe it or not, even with North Carolina reporting (at the time of my writing) eight shark attacks in just three weeks (!). we are still much more of a danger to sharks than they are to us.

First, why would I say such a nutty thing right after typing “eight shark attacks in just three weeks”?

NOTE: This is NOT what
the waters of North Carolina
look like right now!
Well, scientists tell us that the sharks off the coast of North Carolina are not suddenly craving human snacks. Instead, weather and population booms in the sharks' favorite fishy food means that there are a lot more sharks a lot closer to shore, and they are snapping at splashing creatures assuming that they are fish. The shark attacks were not gulp-gulp-yum! sorts of attacks – instead, the sharks bit and then let go. We can assume that once the sharks realized that they'd bitten into such a relatively large creature, and/or that the creature they'd bitten didn't taste fishy, they let go. No humans died in these encounters. (To read more about the NC attacks, check out this article.) 

Also, when we hear that there are more shark attacks, we automatically feel that we are in more danger. But in actual fact, more people are in the water, so the RATE of attacks (in most places) have actually dropped. People in California, for example, are a lot – lot – lot – lot safer now than ever. Check out this article, which shows that an individual's risk has dropped by more than 90%!! 

So, how many people die in shark attacks each year? Last year only three people died, in the entire world, from shark attacks. Some years it's more like ten human deaths from sharks.

In contrast, how 100 to 270 MILLION sharks are killed each year by humans!

To really get this contrast, check out this infographic, comparing how many people sharks kill per year to how many sharks people kill PER HOUR. It makes the point! 

To find out more about Shark Awareness Day, check out this short video. Another shark day is celebrated in May; check out this post on Fintastic Friday.



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