April 9, 2010

Mikael Agricola Day and Finnish Language Day – Finland

As soon as I saw mention of this holiday, I wondered: why would the day that a clergyman named Mikael Agricola died be celebrated as a day honoring an entire language?

It turns out, Mikael Agricola is “the father of the Finnish written language.”

Agricola was the son of farmers, and he took the name “Agricola” to reflect his agricultural heritage. He went to school and learned languages and religion. In the 1520s and 1530s, when he first began his studies, he wanted to translate the New Testament of the Bible into Finnish for the first time. However, there was no standard written form of Finnish. So he set out to create one!

Agricola wrote an “ABC book” that served as a primer for reading and that set out the rules that are the basis of modern Finnish spelling. He then went on to translate the New Testament, prayerbooks, hymns, three liturgical books, and the mass into Finnish. And he did all that in just three years!

In addition to "merely" inventing a written language and doing a whole lot of translation, Agricola was in favor of bringing the Protestant Reformation to Finland, and he wrote some of his opinions as introductions in his prayer books.

Sadly, Agricola died suddenly at age 47 while he was returning from a trip to Russia, where he helped negotiate a peace treaty. It is the day that he died, April 9, 1557, that is commemorated as Finnish Language Day.

Agricola invented written Finnish? Wow!
At the time that Agricola created written Finnish, Finland was ruled by Sweden and had been for more than two centuries. Educated Finns spoke, read, and wrote Swedish and perhaps other languages. (Agricola learned Greek, German, and Latin.)

Agricola wanted every Finn to be able to read religious books, especially the Bible, for themselves. That is why he worked to invent a way in which the sounds of Finnish could map onto a modified Roman alphabet (basically the same alphabet we English-speakers use).

However, with upper class children still being educated in Swedish, written Finnish didn't blossom until the 1800s. At that time, people began to feel patriotic about all things Finnish, and a man named Elias Lönnrot (who was, coincidentally, born on the same day that Mikael Agricola died, but 245 years later!) collected Finnish folk tales and published them in Finnish.

Finally, in 1892, the Finnish language gained equal status with Swedish in Finland.

Did anyone else ever invent a written language?
The invention of writing of most languages was presumably carried out by many people, and in any case we do not know the inventors' names because it happened so very long ago. But there are some languages, other than Finnish, that weren't written until relatively recently.

Norwegian – a latecomer to written language, but now there are TWO!

Norwegian is fairly similar to Danish and Swedish, and the people of Norway didn't have a written form of their own language until about 150 years ago because those who were literate used Danish. In the last century and a half, however, two different written Norwegian languages developed! Both are official languages, both are used in government, schools, churches, and newspapers and magazines. Students learn both (some learn Bokmal as their primary and Nynorsk as their secondary written languages, and others vice versa).

Cherokee – Sequoyah's syllabary

In 1821, Sequoyah (AKA Ssiquoya, Se-quo-ya, George Gist, or Guess) completed 12 years of work on the creation of a writing system for the Cherokee language. This is considered the only time in history that an illiterate member of a culture that had no written language has independently created an effective writing system. (Sequoyah had seen English and some other written languages but didn't know how to read those languages. He used many Roman, Cyrillic, and Greek letters, and Arabic numerals, for his written language—but in his system the symbols have no connection to the sounds or names of those letters and numerals in their original languages.)

Sequoyah created a syllabary of 86 symbols that stood for different Cherokee syllables. If we were producing a syllabary for English, we could use “>” for ba, “<” for ca, and “#” for da, for example. We would need a lot of different symbols for all the syllables English-speakers use!

Unlike Agricola's invention, written Cherokee caught on right away. Within just four years, the Cherokee Nation officially adopted the writing system, a newspaper sprang up two years after that, and the literacy rate of the Cherokee soon outstripped that of their white American settler neighbors.
Navajo – Vowel Intonations and Code Talkers






















Navajo has only four vowels, but each has up to 10 intonations—and a different intonation means a different word. Because it is so complicated, Navajo cannot be written with normal Roman letters (the ones used by English-speakers), and Navajo did not have a standardized alphabet until 1939.

When the United States entered World War II, it was decided that this complicated language (little known by outsiders of the Navajo community) would make a good code for radio transmissions.

The Marines recruited Indians who spoke Navajo and English, and sure enough, the code talkers (as they were called) provided an invaluable service to their country.

The Japanese were never able to break the code, and one important reason may have been the lack of written Navajo materials.

Some of the first inventors of written language

The ancient Sumerians developed one of the earliest forms of writing. Read about it here.
To see your own name in ancient Babylonian cuneiform, go here.
Learn about Finland. Finland shares some of its history and culture with the other Nordic or Scandinavian countries, although it has a lot of influence from Russia and Baltic cultures and a huge streak of uniquely Finnish aspects, including its language. Check out Kids Culture Corner for more info.

Do you want to try some Finnish food? How about salmon soup, blood pancakes, and sauteed reindeer sauce? Or...maybe you'd like a nice Finnish trifle or cinnamon bun.

There are Finnish nursery rhymes and lyrics to Finnish kids' songs on Mama Lisa's website, and the flag and map of Finland on the Enchanted Learning website.

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